EVALUATING THE FEASIBILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF 3D-PRINTED CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY IN SUSTAINABLE MODULAR CONSTRUCTION

Abstract

Background: The global construction industry accounts for approximately 39% of worldwide carbon dioxide emissions and generates substantial material waste, necessitating urgent adoption of sustainable and efficient technologies. Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DPC), integrated within modular construction frameworks, presents a transformative opportunity to reduce environmental impact while improving construction productivity. Objectives: This research evaluates the technical feasibility, structural performance, and sustainability efficiency of 3DPC technology applied to sustainable modular construction across four primary module categories. Methods: Experimental and simulation-based analyses were conducted on 80 modular unit specimens using five concrete mix designs. Parameters assessed included compressive and flexural strength, dimensional accuracy, material waste, carbon emissions, labor costs, and construction timeline. Results: 3DPC exhibited compressive strengths ranging from 38 to 95 MPa depending on mix design, with construction time reductions of 55–68% and CO₂ emission reductions of 42–56% compared to conventional reinforced concrete. Material waste was reduced by 60–72%. Conclusion: 3DPC technology demonstrates strong technical feasibility and compelling sustainability advantages for modular construction, though standardization of mix design protocols and integration of reinforcement systems remain critical challenges for wide-scale adoption.