LFC AND RESERVE PREQUALIFICATION FOR SYNCHRONIZATION WITH CONTINENTAL EUROPE SYNCHRONOUS AREA

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the LFC framework essential for the synchronization of EPSs with CE. The primary objective of this study is to ensure and maintain the stability and reliable operation of autonomously functioning EPSs by analyzing the technical requirements and prequalification procedures for FCR and LFC reserves.

Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the system’s dynamic behavior under disturbance conditions. Results show that after a 100 MW active power loss, the system frequency dropped to 49.82 Hz and was restored to 50 Hz within 9 minutes using FCR and aFRR. A more severe 200 MW loss caused a minimum frequency of 49.68 Hz, requiring additional mFRR activation, with recovery achieved in 18 minutes. Under extreme scenarios (up to 600 MW loss), the frequency exceeded the critical threshold value of 49.2 Hz, with full restoration achieved within 36 minutes through the sequential activation of FCR, aFRR, mFRR, and RR.

In addition, long-term simulations confirmed that the FRCE remained within the SOGL-defined Level 1 limit for 75% of the time and within the stricter Level 2 limit for 96% of the time, thereby fulfilling CE quality requirements.

The study further examines the prequalification procedures necessary for reserve units, including technical testing, communication interface validation, and energy reservoir management for LER providers. These ensure both technical robustness and non-discriminatory participation in balancing markets.

The findings demonstrate that successful synchronization with CE requires not only coordinated reserve activation but also harmonized prequalification rules and continuous performance monitoring, thereby bridging the gap between theoretical models and practical implementation.