IMMUNOTHERAPY AND CELL THERAPY: DEVELOPING CAR-T CELL THERAPIES AND OTHER IMMUNE-BASED TREATMENTS FOR CANCER AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

Abstract

The introduction of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) treatment as a new method for treating blood cancers has developed into a successful medical solution that now shows potential for treating solid tumors and autoimmune disorders. This review presents an analysis of CAR construct molecular structures through five generational stages and examines how FDA/EMA-approved CAR-T products perform clinically while showing their safety profile and upcoming development of cellular therapies which use TCR-engineered T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cell therapies and Tumour-Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) therapy and regulatory T cell (Treg) adoptive transfer for autoimmune conditions. We assess 28 key clinical trials results which include 4890 patient outcomes through response rates and complete remission rates and progression-free survival time and toxicity assessments of CRS and ICANS. The review evaluates upcoming solutions which will solve existing challenges in antigen escape and T-cell exhaustion and solid tumor penetration and manufacturing scalability. The review of CAR-T and related platforms for treating autoimmune diseases focuses on systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis and refractory rheumatoid arthritis by discussing results from recent phase I/II clinical trials which showed long-lasting complete recovery. The study provides a translational roadmap which lists essential scientific manufacturing regulatory and health-economic barriers that must be resolved before global cellular immunotherapy treatment can reach its complete healing abilities.